Greek culture

Ἑλλην-ικός, ή, όν,

A Hellenic, Greek, Hdt.4.108, etc.

2 ἑλληνική (sc. γλῶσσα), ἡ, the Greek language, Apoc.9.11.

3 τὸ Ἑ. the Greeks collectively, Hdt.7.139, al.; Greek soldiery, X.An.1.4.13.

b Greek culture, D.H.1.89: pl., Hdt.4.78.

4 τὰ Ἑ. the history of Greek affairs, Th.1.97, etc.; title of works by X., Theopomp.Hist., etc.; Greek literature, App. BC4.67.

II like the Greeks, οὐ.. πατρῷον τόνδ' ἐδεξάμην νόμον, οὐδ' Ἑ. E Alc.684, cf. Ar.Ach. 115, Plu.Luc.41: [comp] Comp.

- ώτερος Id.Comp.Lyc.Num.1

;

ἡ συγγνώμη τῆς τιμωρίας -ώτερον Lib.Ep.75.4

: [comp] Sup.

- ώτατος D.19.308

, D.H.1.89. Adv. - κῶς in Greek fashion, Hdt.4.108, E.IT 660, Antiph.184.

III pure Greek, οὐχ Ἑ. λέξις Orusap. Eust.859.55, cf. Ael.Dion.Fr. 207, S.E.M.1.187. Adv. - κῶς in pure Greek, opp. βαρβαρικῶς, Phld.Lib.p.13 O., cf. S.E.M.1.243, Porph. Abst.3.3.

2 in Hellenistic Greek, opp. Ἀττικῶς, Moer.1, al.; but also, opp. κοινόν 'in common speech', Id.347,al.

IV pagan, LXX 2 Ma.4.10, al., Jul.Ep. 84a, Suid. s.v. Διοκλητιανός.

-ου τό N 2 0-0-0-0-4=4 1 Mc 1,14; 2 Mc 4,9.12; 4 Mc 4,20

Ἕλλην, ηνος, ὁ (s. Ἑλλάς; Hdt.+)

① a pers. of Greek language and culture, Greek (opp. βάρβαρος [ANikolaidis, Ἑλληνικός–βαρβαρικός, Plutarch on Greek and Barbarian Characteristics: WienerStud n.s. 20, ’86, 229–44] as Thu. 1, 1, 2 et al.; TestSol 6:8 PL; Philo, Ebr. 193 al.; Jos., Ant. 4, 12 al.; Just., D. 117, 5; Tat. 21, 3; s. UWilcken, Hellenen u. Barbaren: NJklA 17, 1906, 457–71; JJüthner, Hell. u. Bar. 1923; HRiesenfeld, ConNeot 9, ’44, 1ff) Ro 1:14 (cultured Romans affected interest in things Greek and would therefore recognize themselves under this term).

② in the broader sense, all persons who came under the influence of Greek, as distinguished from Israel’s, culture

ⓐ gentile, polytheist, Greco-Roman (2 Macc 4:36; 11:2; 3 Macc 3:8; 4 Macc 18:20; ViJon 1 [p. 82, 15 Sch.]; SibOr 5, 265; Praxagoras [Hist. IV A.D.]: 219 T 1, 8 [Phot., Bibl. 62, 8:219] Jac. τὴν θρησκείαν Ἕλλην; apolog.) J 7:35; Ac 9:29 v.l. and 11:20 v.l. (both for Ἑλληνιστάς); 16:1, 3; 21:28; 1 Cor 1:22; Gal 2:3; PtK 2 p. 14, 1 and 7; p. 15, 7; Dg 1; 3:3; 5:17. The expr. Ἰουδαῖοι καὶ Ἕλληνες, which clearly indicates Israel’s advantages fr. Judean perspective, embraces a broad range of nationalities, with Ἕλλην focusing on the polytheistic aspect: Ac 14:1; 18:4; 19:10, 17; 20:21; Ro 1:16; 2:9f; 3:9; 10:12; 1 Cor 1:24; 10:32; 12:13; Gal 3:28; Col 3:11 (CPJ 33, 6f=Mitt-Wilck. 55, 6 [III B.C.] παρὰ τῶν Ἰουδαίων καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων does not mean to indicate that Judeans have any special privilege [despite the fact that Ἰ. comes before Ἑ.]. Here the expression expresses gentile perspective. Cp. also Epict. 2, 9, 19 τί ὑποκρίνῃ Ἰουδαῖον ὢν Ἕλλην=why do you play the part of a Judean, when you are actually a Greek?).

ⓑ used of non-Israelites/gentiles who expressed an interest in the cultic life of Israel (cp. Jos., Bell. 7, 45) J 12:20. οἱ σεβόμενοι Ἕλληνες God-fearing gentiles Ac 17:4.—On the use of the art. s. B-D-F §262, 2=Rehkopf §262, 3.—LWeniger, Jesus u. d. Griechen: NJklA 41, 1918, 477–80; JLeipoldt, Jesu Verh. zu Griech. u. Juden ’41; B. 1489.—Frisk s.v. Ἑλλάς. DELG s.v. Ἕλληνες. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

βάρβαρος, ον (onomatopoetic formation; Aeschyl., Hdt.+; loanw. in rabb. [Dalman, Gram.² 183, 185]) gener. pert. to what is foreign (esp. from the perspective of one who knows Greek and is familiar w. Hellenic culture; the components ‘foreign in language’ and ‘foreign in culture’ are ordinarily linked) ‘non-Hellenic’

① w. focus on strangeness of language: pert. to using a language that is unintelligible to outsiders, foreign-speaking, of foreign tongue adj. or noun 1 Cor 14:11 (cp. Hdt. 2, 158; Aristoph., Av. 199 and its scholia [Ltzm. on 1 Cor 14:11]; Ovid, Tristia 5, 10, 37 barbarus hic ego sum, quia non intellegor ulli ‘I’m a barbarus here, because no one understands me’; Ps 113:1).

② w. focus on non-Hellenic association: pert. to not speaking Greek or participating in Gk. culture

ⓐ adj. not Hellenic πόλεις Ἑλληνίδας κ. βαρβάρους Dg 5:4.

ⓑ subst. a non-Hellene, foreigner (the Engl. loanw. ‘barbarian’ is freq. used in a derogatory sense and is therefore inappropriate for rendering [as NRSV, REB et al.] the Gk. term when it appears without the negative contexts of some texts composed after the Persian wars, e.g. Demosth. 26, 17) contrasted w. Hellenes (the Neo-Platonist Amelius [III A.D.] calls the writer of John’s gospel a β.: Eus., PE 11, 19, 1) Ἕλληνες κ. βάρβαροι Ro 1:14 (cp. Ps.-Eur., Rhes. 404; Pla., Theaet. 175a; Chariton 6, 3, 7; SIG 360, 12 and 27; 867, 32; OGI 765, 16ff; IAndrosIsis p. 124, 31 ἐγὼ διαλέκτους Ἕλλησι καὶ βαρβάροις ἔταξα=125, 27 [but διετάξάμην]; Philo, Abr. 267; Jos., Ant. 4, 12; 8, 284 al.—The Romans refused to be classified as β.: Jüthner [s. Ἕλλην 1] p. 62; MPohlenz, Stoa II ’49, 139); cp. Col 3:11 (44th Ep. of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 354, 25]: there is no difference betw. people εἴτε βάρβαρος εἴτε καὶ Ἕλλην.—THermann, ThBl 9, 1930, 106f). Of the inhabitants of Malta, who apparently spoke in their native language Ac 28:2, 4 (here β. certainly without derogatory tone; indeed, Luke transforms the ‘foreigners’ into ‘Hellenes’ by noting their extraordinary hospitality παρεῖχον οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν φιλανθρωπίαν; cp. Warnecke, Romfahrt 111–18).—AEichhorn, βάρβαρος quid significaverit, diss. Leipz. 1904; HWerner, Barbarus: NJklA 41, 1918, 389–408; RAC I 1173–76; JAC 10, ’67, 251–96. S. Ἕλλην 1.—DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

Ἑλληνίς, ίδος, ἡ (Pind., Trag., Thu. et al.; ins; PGiss 36, 10; 2 Macc 6:8)

① Greek in language and culture, Greek as adj. (opp. βάρβαρος) πόλις (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 136, 10 Jac.; Ael. Aristid. 24, 29 K.=44 p. 833 D.; Jos., Ant. 17, 320; 18, 377 al.; Just., A I, 33, 7 τῇ Ἑ. διαλέκτῳ; Tat. 37, 1 εἰς Ἑ. … φώνην; contrast Just., A I, 31, 4 Ἑλλάδα φ.) with Greek heritage Dg 5:4.—γυνή Ac 17:12.; the woman mentioned Mk 7:26 may be in this same category, but s. 2.

② a Greek-oriented woman alien to Israel’s life, Greek (polytheist), subst. ἡ Ἑ. Greek (from Israel’s perspective) Mk 7:26, w. focus on the woman’s religious interest, but s. 1.—S. Συροφοινίκισσα and Χαναναῖος. Frisk s.v. Ἑλλάς. DELG s.v. Ἕλληνες. M-M. TW.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `wax' (Od.).

Compounds: Often as 1. member, e. g. in κηρό-δε-τος `with wax fitted together' (Theoc. a. o.), κηρο-πλάσ-της `wax-sculptor' (Pl.), κηρο-τακ-ίς f. "hot plate", (to keep wax paints hot) ( PHolm. 6, 33; cf. Lagercrantz ad loc.); as 2. member e. g. in πισσό-κηρος m. `propolis, a mix of resin and wax, with which bees line their hives, bee-bread' (Arist., Plin.; beside it κηρό-πισσος `ointment from wax and resin' [Hp.], cf. Risch IF 59, 58), μελί-κηρος `bee-wax' (pap.); beside it: μελι-κήρ-ιον `honeycomb' (Sm.), μελι-κηρ-ίς `id.', metaph. `cyst or wen' (which resembles a honeycomb) (Hp., pap.), μελί-κηρᾰ f. `spawn of the murex' (Arist.).

Derivatives: 1. κηρίον `wax-cake, honeycomb' (IA. h. Merc. 559; Zumbach Neuerungen 11) with κηρίδιον (Aët.), κηριώδης `honeycomb-like' (Thphr.), κηρίωμα `tearing eyes' (S. Fr. 715), κηριάζω `spawn', of the purple (snail), as its spawn resembles a honeycomb (Arist.). - 2. κήρινος `of wax' (Alcm., Att.) with κηρίνη (sc. ἔμπλαστρος) name of a plaster (medic.); 3. κήρινθος m. `bee-bread' (Arist., Plin., H.; on the identical GN s. v. Blumenthal ZONF 13, 251); 4. κηρίων, - ωνος `wax-candle, -torch' (Plu., Gal.; Chantraine Formation 165, Schwyzer 487); 5. κηρών, - ῶνος `bee-hive' (sch.); 6. κηρίς fish-name = κιρρίς? (Diph. Siph., Alex. Trall.; s. κιρρός), prob. after the yellow colour; cf. Strömberg Fischnamen 20f., Thompson Fishes s. v.; 7. κηρῖτις ( λίθος) `wax-like stone' (Plin. HN 37, 153: "cerae similis"; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 55); 8. *κηροῦσσα in Lat. cērussa `white-lead' ( Plaut.; cf. W.-Hofmann s. v. and Friedmann Die jon. u. att. Wörter im Altlatein 94f.). - Denominative verbs: 1. κηρόομαι, - όω `be covered with wax resp. cover' (Hp., Herod., AP) with κήρωσις `bee-wax' (Arist.); κήρωμα `wax-ointment, -plaster' (Hp.; cf. Chantraine Formation 186f., Lat. cērōma), - ματικός, - ματίτης, - ματιστής (Redard 47); κηρωτή `id.' (Hp., Ar., Dsc.) with κηρωτάριον `id.' (medic.); 2. κηρίζω `look like wax' (Zos. Alch.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: The connexion by Curtius 149 with a Baltic word for `honeycomb', Lith. korỹs, Latv. kâre(s), is rejected or doubted by several scholars (Osthoff Etym. parerga 1, 18ff., Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. korỹs, Specht Ursprung 52). As a Dor. *κᾱρός cannot be shown (Osthoff l. c.) and as borrowing of IA. κηρός in another language cannot be demonstrated, the comparison seems impossible (Lith. has IE.ā, the Greek form ē). As further for the Indoeuropeans bee-culture can hardly be expected (on IE. names for the products of bees s. on μέλι and μέθυ), one must reckon for κηρός with foreign origin (cf. Haupt Actes du 16<sup>éme</sup> congr. des orientalistes [1912] 84f., Schrader-Nehring Reallex. 1, 140f., Chantraine Formation 371, Deroy Glotta 35, 190, Alessio Studi etr. 19, 161ff., Belardi Doxa 3, 210). - From κηρός prob. as LW [loanword] Lat. cēra (-a after tabella, crēta; details in W.-Hofmann s. v.); from Lat. cēreolus Gr. κηρίολος `wax-candle' (Ephesos II^p). The word κήρινθος `bee-bread' seems Pre-Greek. Wrong Huld in EIEC 637

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `slaughterer, butcher, cook' (Att. hell.)

Other forms: Dor. μάγῑρος ; Aeol. μάγοιρος

Compounds: as 2. member e.g. in ἀρχι-μάγειρος `upper-cook' (LXX, J., Plu.).

Derivatives: Rare fem. μαγείραινα (Pherecr. 84; momentary formation, Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 109 n. 3, Chantraine Form. 108, da Costa Ramalho Emer. 18, 38), μαγείρισσα (LXX; da Costa Ramalho ibd. 42). Dimin. μαγειρίσκος m. (Ath.) with magiriscium `small figure of a b.' (Plin.). Adj. μαγειρικός `belonging to cook or butcher' (Ar., Pl., Arist.) with - ικόν, - ική `art of cooking, butcher taxes etc.'; μαγειρώδης `butcher-like' (Eun.). Denom. verb μαγειρεύω `be cook or butcher' (hell.) with μαγειρ-εῖον `butchery, cook-shop `(Arist., hell.), - εία f. `boiled food' (Cato, Hdn. Epim.), - ηΐα f. `butcher-taxes?' (Eresos), - ευμα = - εία (H., Eust.), - ευτικός (late).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Here prob. also Άπόλλων Μαγίριος (Cyprus). The profession μάγειρος seems from Doric as an element of higher culinary culture to have come to Attic (for older δαιτρός?); the notation ει indicates a closed ē-sound resp. an open ī-sound (Schwyzer 275 with Wackernagel IF 25, 326f., Kretschmer Glotta 3, 320, Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 190). The earlier history of the word is unknown. Pisani Rev. int. ét. balk. 1, 255ff. supposes Macedonian origin, connecting μάχαιρα (cf. Kretschmer Glotta 26, 38 f.); Schwyzer 471 n. 12 reminds of Lat. mactare; cf. also Chantraine Form. 234. Not with earliers (Bq, WP. 2, 226, Pok. 696 f.; doubting Schwyzer l.c.) to μάσσω `knead'. - If the Aeolian form is correct Pre-Greek? - The word looks non-IE. Is it Pre-Greek, deriving from *mag-ar^y-?

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `millet, Kolbenhirse (=?)' (IA.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: As old culture-word cognate with the formally deviating Lat. milium n. `millet, Rispenhirse= ?'. Uncerrain however Lith. málnos f. pl. `smoke, Kolbenhirse (= ?)'; after Nieminen KZ 74, 167 f. rather to bibl.-Gr.-Lat. manna `bread from heaven'. Often as "meal-fruit" drawn to Lat. molō `meal' etc.; acc. to Niedermann Symb. Rozwadowski 1, 113 however to μέλας (cf. Fr. millet noir, G. Mohrenhirse); thus Porzig Gliederung 178 (opposed to ἄλφι to ἀλφός `white'). Is the word Pre-Greek? Fur. 246 compares ἔλυμος `millet' and ἐλίμαρ κέγχρῳ ὅμοιον η μελίνῃ Ώὑπο Λακώνων H. which may have been Ϝελ-. -- On meaning and spread in gen. Schrader-Nehring Reallex. 1, 504 f.

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `sweet-smelling oil, salve, perfume' (Archil., Lesb. lyric, IA.).

Compounds: Often as 1. member, e.g. μυρο-πώλης `salve-handler' (Att.). μυρ-εψός m. `salven-preparer' (Critias, Arist.; FraenkeI Nom. ag. 2, 112 f.).

Derivatives: 1. Subst. diminut.: μυρ-ίδιον (Ar.), - άφιον (Arr.); μυρίς f. `salve-box' (Poll.; cf. σπυρίς), also = μυρρίς (Thphr.), s. μύρρα; μύρωμα n. = μύρον (Ar. Ek. 1117 [pl.], beside μεμύρωμαι, but perh. directly from μύρον, cf. Chantraine Form. 186 f.); μυρίνης ( οἶνος, hell., com., Ael.; besides μυρρίνης, s. μύρρα a. μύρτος). -- 2. Adj. μυρ-ηρός `belonging to μύρον' (A., Ar.; like ἐλαιηρός), - όεις `full of salves, smelling like salves' (A P, Man.), - ώδης `salve-like' (sch.). -- 3. Verbs. μυρίζω (IA.), σμυρίζω (Archil.) `salve, perfume'; μυρόομαι `be salved, perfumed' (Ar. Ek. 1117 [v. l. μεμύρισμαι]).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: As a clear culture-word μύρον can well be a loan (so Chantraine Form. 16). Since Fick and Curtius (s. Bq) it is usually (though with a certain reserve, WP. 2, 690) as IE σμύρις `emery-powder' connected with a Germ.-Celt. word for `smear, fat etc.', e.g. OHG smero ' Schmer', OIr. smi(u)r `marrow' (also Lat. medulla?); but this does not explain the Greek -u-; cf. μύραινα [which is a Pre-Greek word]. The isolated σμυρίζω `anoint' can, if not old, rest upon association with σμύρις, σμύρνα. --

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Grammatical information: f. pl., rarely sg.

Meaning: kind of grain like ζειαί, usu. tranlated with `spelt- (corn)', also with `durra' (Egypt) (Il., Hdt., D., Thphr.; cf. Moritz ClassQuart. N.S. 5, 129 ff.).

Compounds: As 1. member e.g. in ὀλυρο-κόπος m. 'ὄ.-beater, -baker' (pap. III^a; Mayser Pap. I. 3, 165).

Derivatives: ὀλύρ-ινος 'ὄ.-ferous, made of ὄ.' (pap. III^a Gal.), - ίτης ( ἄρτος) m. `bread made of ὄ' (LXX; Redard 90).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Isolated culture-word; cf. on 2. ἔλυμος and ὄλυνθος; also οὑλαί. So Pre-Greek; cf. αχυρα.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `trumpet' (Σ 219).

Derivatives: σαλπίζω (IA.; dial. innovation. - ίσσω, - ίττω, - ίδδω), aor. σαλπ-ίγξαι (Φ 388), - ίσαι (LXX a.o.), fut. - ίσω (NT), - ιῶ (LXX), perf. midd. σεσάλπι(γ)κται, - ισται (late), rarely w. ἐπι- a.o., `to blow the trumpet, to trumpet'; to this σαλπιγκτής (Th., X. a.o.), - ικτής (Att. a.o. inscr.), - ιστής (hell. a. late) m. `trumpet player' (on the forms Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 232 n. 2 w. lit.), - ισμός m. - ισμα n. (Thd., Poll.) `trumpet call', - ιστικός'belonging to the trumpet' (Poll.). -- Further derivv.: σαλπίγγ-ιον n. `pipe' (Gal.), - ωτός `trumpet-shaped' (Teos).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin] (S).

Etymology: As with the same formation σῦριγξ, φόρμιγξ (cf. also λύρα, κιθάρα, σαμβύκη a.o.) as word of the mediterranean culture without IE. connection. Cf. Hester, Lingua 13,1965. 364. On the onomatop. Lit. švil̃pti `pipe' a.o., since Curtius 287 often compared, s. Fraenkel s.v. w. lit. -- Connection with σάλπη would have to be founded. -- The suffix is Pre-Greek. (Not in Furnée.)

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `delicate cloth, linnen, sheet, canvas' (Hom., Emp., Act. Ap., Luc., Gal., AP); cf. Blinzler Phil. 99, 158ff.).

Other forms: usu. pl., ὀθόνιον, often pl., n. (Hp., Att., hell.).

Compounds: ὀθονιο-πώλης `vendor of linnen' (pap.).

Derivatives: ὀθόνινος `made of ὀ.' (Pl. Com., Luc.). From ὀθόνιον: ὀθονι-ακός m. `id.' (pap., inscr.), - ηρά f. `linnen tax' (pap., Ostr.); dimin. ὀθον-ίδιον (pap.).

Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Sem. (Egypt.).

Etymology: Formation like βελόνη, περόνη a.o., but as a culture word of foreign origin. After Lewy Fremdw. 124 f. (with Movers) to Hebr. ē̂ṭūn (ἅπ. εἰρ.) meaning uncertain; as in this place there is spoken of Egyptian ē̂ṭūn, Spiegelberg KZ 41, 129f. has proposed Egypt. origin (Eg. idmj `reddish linnen'). -- An unconvincing IE etym. is already rejected by Bq and WP. 1, 17.

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χράομαι (χρή) mid. dep. pres. 2 sg. χρᾶσαι (B-D-F §87), ind. and subj. 3 sg. χρῆται IRo 9:1; 1 Ti 1:8 (B-D-F §88); impf. ἐχρώμην; fut. χρήσομαι LXX; 1 aor. ἐχρησάμην; pf. κέχρημαι (Mlt-H. 200) (Hom.+) ‘use’, a common multivalent term.

① make use of, employ

ⓐ w. dat. τινί someth. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 102 §427f θαλάσσῃ; Wsd 2:6; 13:18; 4 Macc 9:2; GrBar 6:12; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 5 Jac.; Philo, Aet. M. 70; 71; Jos., Bell. 3, 341; Just., A I, 14, 2, D. 57, 2; Tat. 12, 5.—B-D-F §193, 5; Rob. 532f) βοηθείαις ἐχρῶντο Ac 27:17 (s. βοήθεια 2).—1 Cor 7:31 v.l.; 9:12, 15; 1 Ti 5:23 (οἶνος 1); 2 Cl 6:5; Dg 6:5; 12:3 (ᾗ μὴ καθαρῶς χρησάμενοι not using it in purity); ITr 6:1; IPhld 4; Hs 9, 16, 4 (of the use of a seal as PHib 72, 16 [III B.C.]). διαλέκτῳ use a language Dg 5:2. Of law (Trag., Hdt. et al.; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 125) τοῖς νόμοις live in accordance with the laws (Jos., Ant. 16, 27; Ath. 1, 1) Hs 1:3f; cp. 6. ἐάν τις αὐτῷ (=τῷ νόμῳ) νομίμως χρῆται 1 Ti 1:8. προφήταις χρῆσθαι appeal to the prophets AcPlCor 1:10. A dat. is to be supplied w. μᾶλλον χρῆσαι make the most of, take advantage of 1 Cor 7:21, either τῇ δουλείᾳ (so the Peshitta, Chrysostom, Theodoret, and many modern interpreters and translators, among the latter, 20th Century, Goodsp., NRSV; s. also HBellen, Ac 6, ’63, 177–80) or τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ (so Erasmus, Luther, Calvin, FGodet, Lghtf., Zahn, Moffatt, RSV, NRSV mg., REB); s. μᾶλλον 2a.—If μ. χ. is construed without an implied dat., the phrase can be understood in the sense be all the more useful, work all the harder (cp. Vi. Aesopi G 17 P. on the theme of dedication to a task) i.e. as a freedperson be as industrious as a slave. (On this subj.: TZahn, Sklaverei u. Christentum in d. alten Welt [1879]: Skizzen aus dem Leben d. alten Kirche² 1898, 116–59; EvDobschütz, Sklaverei u. Christent.: RE³ XVIII 423–33; XXIV 521; JvWalter, Die Sklaverei im NT 1914; FKiefl, Die Theorien des modernen Sozialismus über den Ursprung d. Christentums, Zugleich ein Komm. zu 1 Cor 7:21, 1915, esp. p. 56–109; JWeiss, Das Urchristentum 1917, 456–60; ASteinmann, Zur Geschichte der Auslegung v. 1 Cor 7:21: ThRev 16, 1918, 341–48; AJuncker, D. Ethik des Ap. Pls II 1919, 175–81; JKoopmans, De Servitute Antiqua et Rel. Christ., diss. Amsterdam 1920, 119ff; ELohmeyer, Soz. Fragen im Urchrist. 1921; FGrosheide, Exegetica [1 Cor 7:21]: GereformTT 24, 1924, 298–302; HGreeven [s.v. πλοῦτος 1]; MEnslin, The Ethics of Paul 1930, 205–10; WWestermann, Enslaved Persons Who Are Free, AJP 59, ’38, 1–30; HGülzow, Christent. u. Sklaverei [to 300 A.D.], ’69, 177–81; SBartchy, MALLON CHRESAI, ’73=SBLDS 11, ’85; TWiedmann, Greek and Roman Slavery ’81; COsiek, Slavery in the Second Testament World: BTB 22, ’92, 174–79 [lit.]; JHarril, The Manumission of Slaves in Early Christianity ’95, esp. 68–128. On slavery in antiquity gener.: WWestermann, Pauly-W. Suppl. VI ’35, 894–1068, The Slave Systems of Gk. and Rom. Antiquity, ’55; WKristensen, De antieke opvatting van dienstbaarheid ’34; MPohlenz, D. hellen. Mensch ’47, 387–96; Kl. Pauly V 230–34; BHHW III 1814f; MFinley, Slavery in Classical Antiquity ’60; KBradley, The Problem of Slavery in Classical Culture: ClPh 92, ’97, 273–82 [lit.]; PGarnsey, Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine ’96.) τινὶ εἴς τι use someth. for someth. (Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 33, 14; Simplicius In Epict. p. 27, 52 Düb.; cp. Tat. 17, 4 πρὸς τὸ κακοποιεῖν) Hv 3, 2, 8. σὺ αὐτὸς χρᾶσαι ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν λίθων you yourself function as one from these same stones 3, 6, 7 (s. app. in Whittaker and Joly; for lit. s. Leutzsch, Hermas 418 n. 355).—W. a double dat. (Trag. et al.) σχοινίῳ χρώμενοι τῷ πνεύματι using as a rope the Holy Spirit IEph 9:1. W. double dat. of pers. (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 227; Just., D. 7, 1; Tat. 36, 1; Ath. 32, 1) of the Syrian ἐκκλησία, which ποιμένι τῷ θεῷ χρῆται resorts to God as shepherd IRo 9:1.

ⓑ w. acc. (X., Ages. 11, 11; Ps.-Aristot., Oecon. 2, 22, 1350a, 7 χρ. τὰ τέλη εἰς διοίκησιν τῆς πόλεως; Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 162 D.; SIG 1170, 27 ἄνηθον μετʼ ἐλαίου χρ.; PTebt 273, 28 ὕδωρ χρ.; Wsd 7:14 v.l.; 2 Macc 4:19.—B-D-F §152, 4; Rob. 476) τὸν κόσμον 1 Cor 7:31 (cp. Simplicius In Epict. p. 29, 30 Düb. τὸ τοῖς μὴ ἐφʼ ἡμῖν ὡς ἐφʼ ἡμῖν οὖσι κεχρῆσθαι=to use that which is not in our power as if it were in our power; s. also MDibelius, Urchristentum u. Kultur 1928).

② act, proceed (Hdt. et al.; POxy 474, 38 et al.) w. dat. of characteristic shown (Aelian, VH 2, 15; Jos., Ant. 10, 25; Just., D. 79, 2; Tat. 40, 1; Mel., HE 4, 26, 13) τῇ ἐλαφρίᾳ 2 Cor 1:17. πολλῇ παρρησίᾳ 3:12. ὑποταγῇ 1 Cl 37:5.—W. adv. (PMagd 6, 12 [III B.C.] et al.) ἀποτόμως 2 Cor 13:10.

③ treat a person in a certain way, w. dat. of pers. and an adv. (X., Mem. 1, 2, 48 φίλοις καλῶς χρ.; OGI 51, 8 [III B.C.] τοῖς τεχνίταις φιλανθρώπως χρῆται; PPetr III, 115, 8 [III B.C.] πικρῶς σοι ἐχρήσατο; POxy 745, 6; Esth 2:9; TestJob 20:3 ὡς ἐβούλετο; Jos., Ant. 2, 315, C. Ap. 1, 153 φιλανθρώπως; Just., A I, 27, 1 αἰσχρῶς) φιλανθρώπως ὁ Ἱούλιος τῷ Παύλῳ χρησάμενος; cp. Hs 5, 2, 10.—DELG s.v. χράομαι p. 1274. M-M. EDNT.